Klasemen Sementara Olimpiade london 2012

Overall Medal Count

Rank	Country	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	China	30	17	14	61
2	United States	28	14	18	60
3	Great Britain	16	11	10	37
4	Russia	4	16	15	35
5	Japan	2	12	13	27
6	France	8	8	9	25
7	Germany	5	10	7	22
8	South Korea	10	4	6	20
9	Australia	1	12	7	20
10	Italy	6	5	3	14
11	Canada	1	3	6	10
12	Hungary	4	1	3	8
13	Netherlands	3	1	4	8
14	Denmark	2	4	2	8
14	Romania	2	4	2	8
16	New Zealand	3	0	4	7
17	Belarus	2	2	3	7
18	Ukraine	2	0	5	7
19	Brazil	1	1	5	7
20	Kazakhstan	6	0	0	6
21	North Korea	4	0	1	5
22	Cuba	2	2	1	5
23	Czech Republic	1	3	1	5
24	Kenya	1	2	2	5
25	Mexico	0	3	2	5
26	South Africa	3	1	0	4
27	Jamaica	2	1	1	4
27	Poland	2	1	1	4
29	Sweden	1	3	0	4
30	Slovenia	1	1	2	4
31	Colombia	0	3	1	4
32	Slovakia	0	1	3	4
33	Ethiopia	2	0	1	3
34	Spain	0	2	1	3
35	Azerbaijan	0	1	2	3
35	India	0	1	2	3
37	Croatia	1	1	0	2
37	Switzerland	1	1	0	2
39	Iran	1	0	1	2
39	Lithuania	1	0	1	2
41	Armenia	0	1	1	2
41	Belgium	0	1	1	2
41	Indonesia	0	1	1	2
41	Mongolia	0	1	1	2
41	Norway	0	1	1	2
41	Serbia	0	1	1	2
47	Greece	0	0	2	2
47	Moldova	0	0	2	2
49	Georgia	1	0	0	1
49	Venezuela	1	0	0	1
51	Taiwan	0	1	0	1
51	Egypt	0	1	0	1
51	Guatemala	0	1	0	1
51	Malaysia	0	1	0	1
51	Thailand	0	1	0	1
56	Argentina	0	0	1	1
56	Hong Kong	0	0	1	1
56	Qatar	0	0	1	1
56	Singapore	0	0	1	1
56	Tunisia	0	0	1	1
56	Uzbekistan	0	0	1	1
62	Afghanistan	0	0	0	0
62	Albania	0	0	0	0
62	Algeria	0	0	0	0
62	American Samoa	0	0	0	0
62	Andorra	0	0	0	0
62	Angola	0	0	0	0
62	Antigua and Barbuda	0	0	0	0
62	Aruba	0	0	0	0
62	Austria	0	0	0	0
62	Bahamas	0	0	0	0
62	Bahrain	0	0	0	0
62	Bangladesh	0	0	0	0
62	Barbados	0	0	0	0
62	Belize	0	0	0	0
62	Benin	0	0	0	0
62	Bermuda	0	0	0	0
62	Bhutan	0	0	0	0
62	Bolivia	0	0	0	0
62	Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0
62	Botswana	0	0	0	0
62	Brunei	0	0	0	0
62	Bulgaria	0	0	0	0
62	Burkina Faso	0	0	0	0
62	Burundi	0	0	0	0
62	Cambodia	0	0	0	0
62	Cameroon	0	0	0	0
62	Cape Verde	0	0	0	0
62	Cayman Islands	0	0	0	0
62	Central African Republic	0	0	0	0
62	Chad	0	0	0	0
62	Chile	0	0	0	0
62	Comoros	0	0	0	0
62	Congo	0	0	0	0
62	Cook Islands	0	0	0	0
62	Costa Rica	0	0	0	0
62	Cote d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0
62	Cyprus	0	0	0	0
62	Djibouti	0	0	0	0
62	Dominica	0	0	0	0
62	Dominican Republic	0	0	0	0
62	Democratic Republic of the Congo	0	0	0	0
62	Ecuador	0	0	0	0
62	El Salvador	0	0	0	0
62	Equatorial Guinea	0	0	0	0
62	Eritrea	0	0	0	0
62	Estonia	0	0	0	0
62	Fiji	0	0	0	0
62	Finland	0	0	0	0
62	Gabon	0	0	0	0
62	Gambia	0	0	0	0
62	Ghana	0	0	0	0
62	Grenada	0	0	0	0
62	Guam	0	0	0	0
62	Guinea	0	0	0	0
62	Guinea-Bissau	0	0	0	0
62	Guyana	0	0	0	0
62	Haiti	0	0	0	0
62	Honduras	0	0	0	0
62	Iceland	0	0	0	0
62	Independent Olympic Athletes	0	0	0	0
62	Iraq	0	0	0	0
62	Ireland	0	0	0	0
62	Israel	0	0	0	0
62	Jordan	0	0	0	0
62	Kiribati	0	0	0	0
62	Kuwait	0	0	0	0
62	Kyrgyzstan	0	0	0	0
62	Laos	0	0	0	0
62	Latvia	0	0	0	0
62	Lebanon	0	0	0	0
62	Lesotho	0	0	0	0
62	Liberia	0	0	0	0
62	Libya	0	0	0	0
62	Liechtenstein	0	0	0	0
62	Luxembourg	0	0	0	0
62	Madagascar	0	0	0	0
62	Malawi	0	0	0	0
62	Maldives	0	0	0	0
62	Mali	0	0	0	0
62	Malta	0	0	0	0
62	Marshall Islands	0	0	0	0
62	Mauritania	0	0	0	0
62	Mauritius	0	0	0	0
62	Micronesia	0	0	0	0
62	Macedonia	0	0	0	0
62	Monaco	0	0	0	0
62	Montenegro	0	0	0	0
62	Morocco	0	0	0	0
62	Mozambique	0	0	0	0
62	Myanmar	0	0	0	0
62	Namibia	0	0	0	0
62	Nauru	0	0	0	0
62	Nepal	0	0	0	0
62	Nicaragua	0	0	0	0
62	Niger	0	0	0	0
62	Nigeria	0	0	0	0
62	Oman	0	0	0	0
62	Pakistan	0	0	0	0
62	Palau	0	0	0	0
62	Palestine	0	0	0	0
62	Panama	0	0	0	0
62	Papua New Guinea	0	0	0	0
62	Paraguay	0	0	0	0
62	Peru	0	0	0	0
62	Philippines	0	0	0	0
62	Portugal	0	0	0	0
62	Puerto Rico	0	0	0	0
62	Rwanda	0	0	0	0
62	St. Kitts and Nevis	0	0	0	0
62	Saint Lucia	0	0	0	0
62	Samoa	0	0	0	0
62	San Marino	0	0	0	0
62	Sao Tome and Principe	0	0	0	0
62	Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0
62	Senegal	0	0	0	0
62	Seychelles	0	0	0	0
62	Sierra Leone	0	0	0	0
62	Solomon Islands	0	0	0	0
62	Somalia	0	0	0	0
62	Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0
62	St. Vincent and Grenadines	0	0	0	0
62	Sudan	0	0	0	0
62	Suriname	0	0	0	0
62	Swaziland	0	0	0	0
62	Syria	0	0	0	0
62	Tajikistan	0	0	0	0
62	Tanzania	0	0	0	0
62	Timor-Leste	0	0	0	0
62	Togo	0	0	0	0
62	Tonga	0	0	0	0
62	Trinidad and Tobago	0	0	0	0
62	Turkey	0	0	0	0
62	Turkmenistan	0	0	0	0
62	Tuvalu	0	0	0	0
62	Uganda	0	0	0	0
62	United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0
62	Uruguay	0	0	0	0
62	Vanuatu	0	0	0	0
62	Vietnam	0	0	0	0
62	British Virgin Islands	0	0	0	0
62	U.S. Virgin Islands	0	0	0	0
62	Yemen	0	0	0	0
62	Zambia	0	0	0	0
62	Zimbabwe	0	0	0	0

RAM DDR4 Lebih Hemat Daya 40%

Samsung Electronics telah mengumumkan bahwa mereka telah menyelesaikan pengembangan modul DRAM DDR4 pertama di dunia industri elektronik bulan lalu. Pengembangan ini menggunakan teknologi proses kelas 30nm, dan menyediakan unbuffered modul memori dual in-line (UDIMM) 1.2V 2GB DDR4 ke pembuat controller untuk pengujian.
Modul DRAM DDR4 baru ini dapat mencapai kecepatan transfer data 2.133Gbps di 1.2V, lebih hemat daya dan lebih cepat bila dibandingkan dengan 1.35V dan 1.5V DRAM DDR3 pada teknologi proses 30nm yang setara , dengan kecepatan hingga 1.6Gbps.

Dalam notebook, modul DDR4 akan mengurangi konsumsi daya sebesar 40 persen dibandingkan dengan modul DDR3 1.5V.
Modul ini menggunakan Pseudo Terbuka Drain (POD) teknologi, yang memungkinkan DRAM DDR4 untuk mengkonsumsi hanya setengah arus listrik dari DDR3 saat membaca dan menulis data. Dengan menggunakan arsitektur sirkuit baru, DDR4 Samsung akan dapat dijalankan pada sampai 3.2Gbps, dibandingkan dengan kecepatan khas hari ini dari 1.6Gbps untuk DDR3 dan 800Mbps untuk DDR2.

Samsung kini berencana untuk bekerja sama dengan sejumlah pembuat server untuk membantu memastikan penyelesaian standarisasi JEDEC teknologi DDR4 pada semester kedua tahun ini. Samsung mengembangkan DRAM DDR pertama di industri tahun 1997, DRAM DDR2 pertama di tahun 2001, dan DRAM DDR3 pertama yang menggunakan teknologi kelas 80nm pada tahun 2005.





Sumber : http://www.kaskus.co.id/showthread.php?p=699502280

Gerhana Supermoon

Pada 2012, diprediksi akan terjadi empat gerhana. Menurut data Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika (BMKG), ada dua gerhana matahari dan dua gerhana bulan. Gerhana matahari berupa Gerhana Matahari Cincin yang terjadi pada 21 Mei 2012 lalu. Gerhana Matahari Total akan berlangsung pada 14 November 2012.
Hari ini, Senin 4 Juni 2012, Gerhana Bulan Sebagian akan tampak di langit Indonesia. Sedangkan gerhana Bulan Penumbra akan tiba pada 28 November 2012.

Durasi gerhana dari fase Gerhana Penumbra sejak mulai hingga akhir berjalan selama 4 jam 33,4 menit. Sedangkan fase Gerhana Sebagian durasinya sejak dimulai sampai akhir sekitar  2 jam 7,7 menit.
Pada saat puncak gerhana, persentase piringan bulan yang tertutup bayangan umbra bumi mencapai 37,05 persen. Piringan yang tertutupi ini merupakan bagian yang mengarah ke Selatan pada arah mata angin pengamat.

Setiap gerhana dapat diprediksi. Ini terkait siklus gerhana yang disebut seri Saros. Gerhana malam ini merupakan anggota ke-24 dari seri Saros 128 yang memiliki jumlah anggota 77 gerhana bulan.

Gerhana sebelumnya terjadi pada 25 Mei 1994. Gerhana seruppa akan terjadi lagi pada 15 Juni 2030. Indonesia dapat menyaksikan peristiwa ini. Semakin ke arah Timur Indonesia, keseluruhan fase gerhana akan dimungkinkan untuk teramati.

Profesor Riset Astronomi Astrofisika Lembaga Antariksa dan Penerbangan Nasional (LAPAN), Thomas Djamaluddin menjelaskan gerhana ini memiliki kaitan dengan gerhana matahari sebelumnya pada 21 Mei 2012.

Biasanya setelah Supermoon, selang dua pekan kemudian datang gerhana matahari cincin. Saat ini, kata dia, purnama masih dekat dengan bumi. Penampakan purnama yang tertutup bayangan akan terlihat besar.  "Bisa dibilang ini 'gerhana supermoon'," ujar Thomas.

Menurut National Geographic, bulan akan berada pada lokasi terdekat dalam orbit berbentuk telur, perigee. Inilah yang membuat Gerhana Supermoon. Gerhana bulan terjadi ketika purnama, bumi, dan matahari hampir sejajar sehingga bulan melintas melalui bayangan bumi.

"Ini sangat keren untuk dilihat. Ini memberikan efek 3D di angkasa yang tidak biasa kita dapatkan," ujar pakar astronomi Planetarium Adler Chicago, Amerika Serikat, Mark Hammergren.

Supermoon yang terjadi pada awal Mei memperlihatkan purnama lebih besar 16 persen dan lebih terang 30 persen dibanding purnama lain selama setahun. Purnama saat gerhana akan lebih besar pada Senin ini.

"Purnama akan tampak 5 persen lebih besar dari rata-rata, terlihat sedikit lebih besar dari biasanya," imbuhnya.
Pemandangan malam ini dinilai Hammergren tergolong langka.  "Jika Anda membatasi label 'perigee' hanya satu hari dari perigee sesungguhnya, maka gerhana semacam ini hanya akan terjadi setiap 10 hingga 12 tahun," ujar Hammergren.



*Sumber : VIVANews.com

Weird Science - The Inner Workings Of The National Science Foundation

The National Science Foundation is an independent government agency in the United States. The National Science Foundation is responsible for providing support to basic science research, which is primarily accomplished through research funding.

The National Science Foundation mostly provides research funding in the form of grants. These grants are most often given in the form of individual grants to graduate students and professors. In fact, with an annual budget of approximately $5.5 billion, the National Science Foundation provides about 20% of federally supported funding for basic research to America's universities and colleges.

Under the leadership of its director, Dr. Arden L. Bement, Jr., the National Science Board meets six times per year to determine the policies of the National Science Foundation. The National Science Board consists of 24 members, all of which are appointed by the President of the United States to 6 year terms.

History of the National Science Foundation

The National Science Foundation was originally established as the result of the 1950 National Science Foundation Act. The mission of the National Science Foundation, as stated within this act, was "To promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; and to secure the national defense."

The National Science Foundation has competed with defense research agencies, such as the Office of Naval Research, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, for funding. This battle for funding has led many science historians to claim that the National Science Foundation is an "inept compromise" between visions within the federal government in regards to the scope and purpose of the foundation.

Programs of the National Science Foundation

Fields within the National Science Foundation include: astronomy, physics, behavioral science, biology, chemistry, and computer science. Economic science, social sciences, science education, engineering, environmental science and education, polar research, geoscience, mathematics, and statistics are also fields covered by the National Science Foundation. <

In addition to working within its regular fields, the National Science Foundation promotes a variety of special programs. These programs are sometimes put into place in order to increase the participation of under-represented minorities in the sciences. The Research Experience for Undergraduates program, for example, targets minorities and women. This program provides grants to institutions in order to assist them in providing opportunities for summer research to undergraduate students.

In addition, the GK-12 Crosscutting Program was established by the National Science Foundation to provide universities with money to encourage graduate students to interact with k-12 students. The goal of this program is to increase science retention in children at an early age.

The National Science Foundation also funds projects on a national scale. One such project is the National Science Digital Library. Also, the National Science Foundation helps pay for the establishment of the Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers that are located in some research universities.

Space exploration and the National Science Foundation

At times, there is conflict between the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This is because both agencies strive to increase knowledge regarding the universe, space, and the human body. Neither, however, wants to pay more than its fair share for this research. Furthermore, clear guidelines concerning which agency is responsible for which aspects of the fields have not been established.

Currently, the two agencies have developed a truce of sorts. Under the unofficially structured guidelines, NASA is responsible for paying form space based operations. These include projects such as Chandra, the Hubble Space Telescope, and the Spitzer Space Telescope. The National Science Foundation, on the other hand, funds ground based operations. These include the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, the Atacama Large Millimeter Array, and Kitt Peak.